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Risk Of Symptomatic Gallstones And Cholecystectomy After A Very Low Calorie Diet Or Low Calorie Diet In A Commercial Weight Loss Program: 1 Year Matched Cohort Study
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Exercise and Sports Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Institute, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
© 2021 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any media or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Historically, obesity has been linked to an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Weight loss recommendations have traditionally focused on reducing energy intake, maintaining a high-carbohydrate, low-fat, or otherwise high-carbohydrate diet and increasing physical activity, usually through low-to-moderate exercise. Recently, it became clear that genetic, physiological and behavioral factors play an important role in the etiology of obesity. For this reason, obesity prevention and management through various types of exercise and dietary intervention programs, behavioral interventions, and/or medical interventions are at the forefront of obesity research. As a result, we are seeing a paradigm shift from traditional methods of weight loss and management to personalized diet and exercise strategies. The purpose of this narrative review was to review: 1.) the effect of physical activity on weight loss; 2. ) the effect of diet and cardiovascular exercises on weight loss; 3. ) the effect of high protein diet with resistance-exercise on weight loss; and, 4. ) behavioral factors that contribute to weight loss and maintenance.
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Obesity is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide and is associated with numerous medical conditions, including arthritis, cataracts, certain types of cancer, diabetes, lung defects, and urinary incontinence [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. The prevalence of obesity is increasing in all age groups. For example, Ogden and Associates [5] reported that obesity rates in the United States among 12- to 19-year-olds increased from 10.5% in 1988-1994 to 20.6% in 2013-2014. In addition, severe obesity among children aged 6 to 11 years increased from 3.6% to 4.3%, and obesity among adolescents aged 12 to 19 years increased from 2.6% to 9.1%. The age-specific prevalence of obesity in US adults has also increased from 15% in 1976-1980 to 38% in 2013-2014 [6, 7]. Finally, according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2010, 41% of people in the United States between the ages of 65 and 74 and 28% of people over the age of 75 were obese. age [8]. As a result, obesity and its associated morbidity are increasing, and identifying strategies to promote healthy and effective weight loss remains an important health challenge worldwide [1].
Historically, weight loss recommendations have focused on reducing energy intake; a high-carbohydrate, low-glycemic, low-fat diet; and increasing physical activity (eg, walking). Although these approaches are effective, the amount of weight loss varies widely among participants following a diet and/or exercise program [9, 10]. In addition, many people regain the amount of weight lost within a year after the diet [11, 12]. Recently, attention has been paid to determining the influence of genetic and behavioral factors on the etiology of obesity [1, 11, 12]. This interest has led to the study of whether different types of diet, exercise and/or behavioral interventions may be more effective in promoting weight loss and maintenance than traditional programs [1]. In addition, to understand whether the genotype plays a role in the effective promotion of weight loss and maintenance [10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. For example, much research has been conducted to determine whether eating high-protein, low-fat diets leads to more beneficial changes in body composition during exercise and/or dietary interventions [20, 21, 22]. As a result, we are seeing a paradigm shift from traditional weight loss and management approaches to more personalized diet and exercise interventions [1, 13, 23, 24]. The purpose of this article is a general review: 1.) the effect of physical activity on weight loss; 2. ) the effect of diet and cardiovascular exercises on weight loss; 3. ) the effect of high protein diet with resistance-exercise on weight loss; and, 4. ) behavioral factors that contribute to weight loss and maintenance.
Cardiovascular or “aerobic” exercise (eg, 150–250 min per week of moderate-intensity exercise) is recommended to help obese people lose weight and/or maintain weight loss while dieting [ 25 ]. Additionally, participation in >250 min/week of moderate exercise has been reported to improve weight loss success [25]. A recent review by China [26] summarized some of the most recent literature related to the effects of physical activity on weight loss and body composition (see Table 1). For example, Irwin et al. [27] evaluated the effect of one year of aerobic exercise (225 min per week at 60–75% of maximum heart rate) on weight loss in 168 postmenopausal women. The researchers reported that the exercisers lost -1.3 kg of body weight and -1.2% body fat compared to 0.1 kg and -0.2% body fat in the controls. Nishijima and colleagues [28] reported that men and women participating in a 6-month exercise program (80–160 min per week at 70% VO
) to a decrease of -1.88 kg of body weight compared to -0.28 kg in controls. Alves and others. [29] evaluated the effect of cardiovascular exercise (3 x 50 minutes per week with 40-60% heart rate reserve) over 6 months on weight loss in 156 obese women. The researchers reported that the women lost an average of -1.26 kg of body weight compared to 0.4 kg in the control group. Musto and associates [30] evaluated the effect of gradually increasing the number of daily steps up to 10,000 steps per day on weight loss in 77 overweight women. The results showed that women in the walking program lost -0.8 kg compared to 0.2 kg in the control group. David and colleagues [31] evaluated the follow-up effects of a 3-month walking intervention program using a mobile phone application on weight loss in 71 postmenopausal women. The researchers found that women who followed the walking program lost -0.93 kg during the intervention. Willis and colleagues [32] evaluated the effect of walking/running approximately 12 miles/week at 65% to 80% VO.
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Over 8 months on changes in body weight and body composition in 38 overweight or obese adults. Participants lost -1.76 kg and -1.01% body fat. Finally, Donnelly and Associates [33] evaluated the effects of following an exercise program designed to consume 400 or 600 kcal/session at 70% – 80% of maximum heart rate for 10 months in 141 overweight and obese men and women. The researchers reported that those on the 400 kcal/session program lost -3.9 kg, compared to -5.2 kg in the 600 kcal/session group and 0.5 kg in the control group. This was associated with losses of -2.9%, -4.3% and -0.6% in body fat percentage. The results of this study show that overweight and/or obese individuals who participated in a moderate-intensity cardiovascular exercise program that consisted primarily of walking lost an average of 0.32 ± 0.13 kg/month. lost weight and -0.17 ±. 0.18% body forward. fat / month
Adapted from Chin et al. [26]. Mean changes in data from baseline [95% confidence interval] (if available) are reported. ∆=change from baseline, BM=body weight, BMI=body mass index, F=female, HR=heart rate, HHR=heart rate reserve, kcal=kilocalories, max=max, min=min, month=month, M = male, V.O
There are also several studies that have evaluated the effects of resistance exercise alone on weight loss and/or body composition (see Table 2). Kirk et al. [34] evaluated the intervention effect of a 6-month resistance-exercise program (1 series, 3 days/week, 3-6 repetitions, 9 exercises) in sedentary and overweight adults. The researchers reported that those who engaged in resistance training, compared to 2.4 kg, -0.3 kg, 2.3 kg and 2.1% of body weight 2.5 kg, lean weight 1.5 kg, body weight increased by 0.9 kg and body fat by 0.3%. respectively in the control group. Kerksick and Associates [35] found that participation in an 8-week linear resistance training program increased body weight by 0.7 kg, lean mass by 0.9 kg, fat mass by 0.5 kg, and body fat percentage by 0.7 kg. did gradually 0.4% among college men and middle-aged men gained 0.5 kg